A Story of an entrepreneur

Entrepreneur is an individual who organizes and operates a business and taking financial risk to do so. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator of new ideas, and business processes. Everyone has different strengths and weaknesses ,and entrepreneurs are no exception. But all entrepreneurs share certain qualities. We all know about Md. Yuan's, Salmon F. Raman, Bill gates, Richard Brannon and so on. They create such a miracle in the world as an entrepreneur.But now we are talking about a person who is not such popular like hem; but he an real life entrepreneur He earns very low but he can be the great example for us or those who wants to be an entrepreneur. His name is Md Kafka All, An entrepreneur. He is a freedom fighter and now he is a hawker of Goulash Hawkers Market ,make his earnings by selling cloth products like T-shirts, pant, children's outfits and other materials. He was born in 1950 in National at Lakehurst district in Islanders village . He is the youngest son of Mohammad All and Nazism statue.From childhood he was familiar with poverty and at very early GE he lost his parent's. Md. Kafka all is not an educated person at all. He Just went to school only for one day!!!!! And that day he decided that he will never come to school again!!! But this fact can't beat his confidence. In 1971, he participated in the war. After that 9 month bloodshed war. He lost everything. He had nothing to do at that time. So he took a loan of only 500 take from a relative and then came in Dacha 1975 . He didn't have any plan or idea. He didn't knew his destination.But he had only one thing and that is courage and self-confidence. He slowly made connections everywhere. He met as many people as he could and bullied up relationships. Afterwards, this people helped him. They took him to guiltiest and attached him how to do his business. From that day he started a new life. Then he started his business by a rickshaw van from one area to another to sell his product like T-shirts, pant, children's outfits and other materials. Then after some time he rented a small shop with his product in sultana.It is true that Kafka all is not as popular as the other entrepreneur but now he is much solvent. Now he is the owner of his own shop in the goulash hawkers market he is very much popular for his honesty. He usually opens his shop at 9:00 am and finishes his work 10:00 pm. So he works for 14 hours a day,but in the seasonal times like Did he works for almost 20 hours daily. Beside him,his grandson helps him to work. Basically,there is only one employee working in the shop but in seasonal times he hires 4 employees by working in two shifts and he pays 3000 take to each employees and also provides food and shelter to them.He also give them performance bonuses so that they get motivated to attract more customers. He rations the bonus by the number of products sold by an individual employee. He maximizes his profit in the winter season;This is peak time he sell s his product the most. He also makes a handsome amount of profit in the national festivals like Did LU flirt and Durra Pupas. He incurred a severe loss when there is a hart. Hart interrupts his daily business routine. Let is quite impossible for him to various places. He mainly asks for people from his relatives and brings employees room his village.He expects good behavior from them so that they can deal with customers effectively. Elf they fails to maintain this,he fires them out. He expects honesty and loyalty from the employees. From Sultana and Maryanne,Saber All brings all his Readmes garment products. He had many dealers and keep regular contact with them, and bought good from them. Very rarely he buys the goods on cash but most of the times he buys them on account. His daily sales revenue is equivalent to 2000 to 3000 Take and from there he makes a profit of 700 to 900Take. He states that he is quite happy with the profit he makes. The customers mainly comes to his shop bec ause he charges less then the other shoppers which sit Just beside his shop. He attracts the customers by the diversity of the products. The most interesting fact is his main customers are not the lower class people but the higher class ones from the trip-state area like Goulash and Banana?and they are the regular ones!! He gave an advice to us about what a person need to be if he [she wants to be an entrepreneur.He states that every entrepreneur must believe in himself. One should maintain honesty and believe in the decisions he make. He notes that without honesty no one can succeed in life. One should be hardworking to achieve the goal of the business. We should salute and respect this Freedom fighter because instead of all this ups and downs he never gave up. He continued his business even after incurring a loss. He has tremendous self confidence which made him able to run the business for 38 years. That is what a true entrepreneur have to have.

Group Work in the Human Service Industry Essay

Group work has been cited as playing an integral role in ensuring that people achieve more collaboratively than working as individuals. In addition, group work has been perceived as a robust mechanism of helping people attain some novel skills and specific goals, mostly when a group is founded upon a particular objective. Nonetheless, despite these benefits attributed to working in groups, it is imperative to be cognizant of the fact that in many cases, it requires extensive efforts to ensure that a group evolves into an effective team. Against this backdrop, this paper will analyze the group work within the human service field with the focus group being ‘Open Doors’, whose operations are founded on the need to support young people who identify as being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. It is fundamental to briefly explore this organization aimed at getting a comprehensive insight into its groups work operations, group work theory underpinning it among other tenets. Human Services: Although the words ‘human services’ can mean different things according to individual experiences, not everyone understands the industry or field as a whole. The human service industry according to Woodside and McClam (2011:4-9) is extremely complex to define, although overall, it is the overarching industry of professionals that provide a diverse range of services to humans in need. The aim of the professionals within the industry is to work with people to support, assist and empower them to meet their own needs whether those needs are for food, shelter, physical or emotional to name a few. Therefore, the human service field is at the forefront of many of the youth services provided both locally and overseas. Open Doors at a glance According to Open Doors website (2012:1), this group is located at the center of Brisbane and its core undertaking revolve around the provision of counseling and support services for the young people between the ages twelve to twenty four who identify as being lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT). The core goal of this organization is to foster resilience among this target group through the facilitation of opportunities aimed at receiving supports which is need specific networks, as well as enjoying lives characterised by positive relationships. This is enabled through support provision, referral, advocacy and capacity development within the organization (Woodley, J 2012, pers. Comm. , 20th August). In regard to the type of group work, Open Doors can be categorized as a social action group. According to Preston-Shoot (1987:16) this form of a group aims at the utilization of the resources at group level for collective power in the efforts to campaign for social transformations, as well as the inherent rights of the members within these particular groups. It is imperative to explore group theory in order to understand the undertakings of Open Doors. Group theory According to Galanes and Adams (2007:8), the group theory perceives a group as being comprised of two or more people who have a common sense of purpose and make extended efforts to achieve a specified goal. Against this backdrop, it is apparent that the activities of Open Doors are based on the need to solve a common impediment in society which is the discriminatory attitude hulled against the LGBTs. Thus, individuals come together with the core goal of solving this challenge through diverse mechanisms like advocacy, referrals among others previously mentioned. Thus, the activities of Open Doors are founded on the ongoing needs in the society which call for redress. This is chiefly embedded in the vision statement of Open Doors which states that all young people from different genders and sexualities have the chance to enjoy full experience and have true knowledge of pride in life (Open Doors website, 2012:1). In reference to Open Doors, it is worth noting that groups undergo several stages in the course of their development. These are forming, storming, norming, performing and lastly, adjourning (Tuckman, 1965:396). These stages are explored in the subsequent section. Forming In the forming stage, the group is just coming together and shyness and uncertainty tend to characterise this particular epoch. This fact is supported by Tuckman and Jensen (1977:423) who determined that anxiety, dependency and a combination of confusion and curiosity tend to characterise this stage. In addition, the group members are primarily concerned with orientation whose accomplishment is arrived at through testing. This testing serves the sole purpose of the identification of both task-related as well as interpersonal boundaries in the group (Tuckman 1965:396). In the context of Open Doors, this stage entails the coming together of LGBTs who have diversity in terms of past discrimination in the society, age and gender. Most of the members are shy to disclose their challenges and most of the time is spent through the orientation processes aimed at demarcating the interpersonal boundaries. Eventually, the more bold members of the group eventually assume some sought of leadership, a point which ushers in the next stage; storming. Storming Extensive skills in problem solving are required in this stage, and a determining factor in the success of the group. This is a stage which is characterised by extensive conflict revolving around the interpersonal issues as well as simultaneous response to tasks (Tuckman 1965:396). In this stage, the members are preoccupied with the conflict based on power divisions as they try to ascertain who possess power and authority in the group (Preston-Shoot, 1987:35). In the case of Open Doors, this stage can be characterised by extensive conflicts between various members in the group, with each trying to assert authority over the others, for instance, based on gender divisions. Eventually, there is establishment of a power structure in the group which pilots the progress to the next stage of norming. Norming Tuckman and Jensen (1977:423) noted that this is the maturity stage where there is resolution of the norms and there is an apparent development of inter-dependency and trust among the members. This entails the distinction of the contributions as well as behaviors which are acceptable in the group. In the case of Open Doors, this stage is characterised by members’ efforts to identify the norms governing their interpersonal as well as task relationships as they attempt to forge and shape the idea of the group’s identity. Nonetheless, it is imperative to be cognizant of the fact that lack of proper decision making mechanisms and limited consensus in this stage can result to the group slipping back into the storming stage. Performing Some proponents usually identify this as the final stage of group development. There is flexibility and functionality of the individually or collectively mandated roles as all the energy in the group is directed towards achieving the goals at hand (Tuckman 1965:396). In the case of Open Doors, this stage entails the delegation of different responsibilities to individuals or sub-groups aimed at achieving the overall goal of the group. This can be perceived in terms of different individuals being mandated with the roles of advocacy, referrals and support provision among others. Adjourning Despite the fact that the activities of Open Doors are ongoing, distinct groups within the organization attempting to attain certain goals within a specified timeframe reach the adjourning stage. In addition, this stage can be reached when some of the group members surpass the age limit of twenty four years as stipulated by the organization which oblige them to leave the groups. This stage is characterised by the completion of the task at hand and eventual disengagement from the group members and the task (Frances 2008:17). In most cases, the LGBT members in particular sub-groups will be satisfied that they have achieved their respective goals. Challenges and benefits for participants and facilitators equally for Open Doors There are diverse challenges as well as benefits for the participants as well as the facilitators in Open Doors. In regard to challenges for the facilitators, there is bound to be confrontations with the LGBTs which can become a major impediment in the efforts to achieve the goals of the groups. Nonetheless, Brandler and Roman (1999:218) noted that it is imperative to keep the confrontations simples and to the point. Another challenge can be when communicating principles and strategies to the groups where there can be resistance and non-compliance from the LGBTs. On the side of the participants, the challenges of mistrust as well as conflicts in the earlier stages of group development as mentioned can be a major challenge. This can halt the progress towards achieving the ultimate goal of the group, not forgetting the detrimental effects of these conflicts on the self-esteem of the participants. In regard to benefits, the participants gain a sense of belonging from the group work, experience elevated self-esteem and pride as well as creating networks which can help them in confronting daily challenges in society. On the other hand, the facilitators have an opportunity to understand the dynamics among different participants, for instance, communication and interaction patterns which can assist them in helping future participants (Toseland & Rivas, 2005:90). Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent from the above discourse that group work in the human service field plays a major role in the achievement of collective goals in society as expounded in group theory. Most of the groups go through five stages of forming, storming, norming, performance and adjourning. Nonetheless, it is imperative to be cognizant of the fact that apart from the benefits in groups, there are diverse challenges embedded therein for both the participants and facilitators as explored in the preceding section.

Bang & Olufson Marketing Analysis

Bang Olufson Marketing Analysis The aim of this report is to critically assess the marketing strategies of â€Å"Bang & Olufsen† considering their business in United Kingdom. It comments on the B2B and B2C products in brief. The report comments on the following: The macro business environment Organisation’s Marketing Mix Organisation’s segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies. Based on the findings and observations, some recommendations are put forth at the end of the report. Company Background Bang & Olufsen manufactures a highly distinctive and exclusive range of televisions, music systems, loudspeakers, telephones, and multimedia products that combine technological excellence with emotional appeal. Founded in 1925, by â€Å"Peter Bang†Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Svend Olufsen† in Struer, Denmark, Bang & Olufsen a/s is world renowned for its distinctive range of quality audio, video and multimedia products that represent their vision: â€Å"Courage to consta ntly question the ordinary in search of surprising, long-lasting experiences†. Bang & Olufsen employs over 2,550 staff members and had a turnover of DKK 4,092 million (EUR 5486 million) in the 2007/2008 financial year. (Bang & Olufsen) The Macro Business Environment Most of the B&O products are manufactured in Denmark. Considering the business in UK, it has to understand the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological environment in UK. Since Denmark and UK are the members of European Union (EU), there are some advantages for the organisation. Political The European Union (EU) allows the free movement of goods and services between almost 500 million consumers in 27 EU member states. Due to this, import duty is not payable on goods sourced from Denmark, being one of the EU member states. (Business Link UK) There could be changes in the VAT and service taxation policies with the formation of new government. Economic The economic crisis and recession had affected the bu siness of B&O as people and businesses are more likely to hold on to their cash and not to spend it on high priced consumer goods. Due to the fall in share prices and real estate markets, the consumers of the high end products, like B&O, will be less likely to spend as earlier. Another economic factor faced by the B&O is currency exchange rates. As large part of the products produced in Denmark and with the Danish Krone (DKK) pegged to Euro, devaluation of GBP to the Euro has affected sales in UK which is one of the largest markets of the company. Socio-cultural B&O has adopted the philosophy of Danish Design, which is renowned for its high class design and quality. The products of this class are considered as status symbols and products of pride. Technological Competitors like Bose, Loewe who are also known for their design, quality with the high prices are coming up with new products with the same functionalities as B&O with equal or slightly lower prices. Due to the advancements in the technology, components are getting cheaper which may help companies like Sony, Samsung etc. with range of products in various qualities, targeting customers spanning across price conscious segments to quality focused segments. Legal The company has to ensure the protection of the trademarks of the brand. The logos and other trademarks should be registered in UK.

Airbus A320 Control Problem Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Airbus A320 Control Problem Case Study - Essay Example The side sticks reacted oppositely such that when the side stick on the right was controlled, the plane moved in the opposite direction and vice versa. After the plane moved to a height of FL120 the crewmembers noticed the abnormality and sought to land the plane safely for further checking. The maintenance organization group took over the plane and repaired the plane but did not realize the fatal error they did while trying to repair the plane. No damage occurred to the plane and no injuries occurred to the people on board. This paper discusses and analyzes the findings of the aviation investigation team and makes the distinguishing mistakes done on the plane by the teams handling the repair. Research Findings and Analysis The team investigating the fatal error first recognized that the plane was on maintenance two days even before the flight and the plane had indicated the problem. The problem affected both ELAC number one and ELAC number two. The errors were both visible through t he computer transmission. The elevator aileron computer controls the back angle of the plane. The researchers found out that despite repairing the elevator aileron computer, a bent pin on elevator aileron computer number one was not replaced and not repaired. The investigation also reveals that during the repair of ALAC number one, the entire rewiring process was incorrect. The command and the monitor channels faced alteration when the technicians inverted the whole wiring system after getting confused on which diagram to use on the manufacturers manual. The wire connects the plug of ELAC to the plane for ease of monitoring the back angle of the plane and other conditions of the plane. Due to lack of enough experience by both the engineers and the crewmembers, the errors remained undetected and almost led to massive losses and death. Flight controlled check group are to be blamed for failing to realize the error. The report argues that the error occurred due to the following reasons . There was an unclear information about the planes diagrams that resulted to abnormal wiring of the control and monitor channels. The researchers believe that a wrong diagram caused the problem. The research findings also indicate serious differences between the manufacturers and the engineers on the maintenance. The report argues based on the data difference used by manufacturers and the maintenance team in correcting the errors of the plane. The findings also indicate that the unambiguous instructions from the manufacturer could have led to the fatal error. According to the report, the analysts argue that the insufficient functionality of the quality assurance services undermined the quality of the work done by the maintenance and the flight control checkers. This is mainly due to the two separate groups working distinctively separate failing to identify and notice the problem. The high authority members of the organization is also to blame as they did not pass their tests in ens uring that sufficient supervision and maintenance was done to the plane before declared fit for transport. The following defenses were broken while trying to correct the error on the plane. On 18th March 2001 when the pane signaled an error message on ELAC number two, the maintenance group ought to have corrected the mistake instead of doing a RESET. Another defense broken is that the crew passed the plane fit for travel while they had not fully corrected the mis

Philosophy of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Law - Essay Example In this context, principles can be interpreted differently, under the influence of the personal perceptions of the individual involved, while no such option is available in the case of rules (Raitio 294). The differentiation between rules and principles is made clear when referring to their use by judges. Indeed, in such case, as Dworkin states, rules apply ‘in all or nothing fashion’ (Culver 144), meaning that a rule can either be applied in a specific case or not, there is no intermediate status (Culver 144). On the contrary, principles, even if judges use them, do not oblige the judge involved to take a specific decision. For this reason, Dworkin notes that principles only ‘contribute in judges’ decision’ (Culver 144); principles cannot define the content of a court decision just to influence the reasoning of the judge in regard to the case involved (Culver 144); also, the judge decides whether he will use a principle, and at what level, when devel oping a decision. Peczenik (2009) refers to another differentiation of rules and principles, as described by Dworkin. Rules and principles are based on different criteria of validity. ... This means that principles cannot introduce ideas or set obligations, which are differentiated to the beliefs of individuals, at an average level, in regard to law and ethics. Also, principles cannot introduce ideas, which are in opposition with the statutes or the case law, as developed in the country involved (Peczenik 246). In legal rules, the existence of the above conditions is not examined. It is sufficient for a legal rule to have been verified by a competent institution, as explained above, in order to be considered as valid. The above terms of differentiation between rules and principles have been introduced by Dworkin and are valuable for understanding the conditions under which rules and principles are used in practice. The potential use of the view of Dworkin on rules and principles for explaining the decision of the court in the case Riggs v Palmer is examined in the study of Siltala (2000). According to the above researcher, the case Riggs v Palmer sets a critical dilem ma: when, in the context of a case, a conflict is developed between a rule and a principle, which should be the decision of judge? He should uphold the rule or use the principle for developing a decision in regard to the specific case? In such cases, Dworkin ‘used to redefine the normative conflict’ (Siltala 46); in this way, ‘the weight of the two principles’ (Siltala 46) should be taken into consideration for deciding which of these principles should be preferred. The differences between legal rules and principles, as Dworkin has highlighted these differences, are clear in the case of Riggs v Palmer (1889). More specifically: in the above case, the following dilemma appears:

Ultraviolet light Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ultraviolet light - Lab Report Example Additionally, UV-B is also harmful and is absorbed by the Ozone Layer on the Earth’s atmosphere. However, based on the effects of global warming, the penetration of the UV-B radiation through the ozone facilitates sunburn on human skin (Akram and Rubock, pp. 2-11). The discovery of ultraviolet light owes to the scientific research by John Ritter of 1801 which showed that in the presence of ultraviolet light, blue photographic paper would turn black. Following the discovery of the ultraviolet light/radiation, scientists have used the concept of ultraviolet wavelengths to monitor the formation of stars in the galaxy. Since most stars emit light at the wavelength of UV-light, scientists can monitor activity in the universe and provide information on newly forming stars (Mission Science, para 1-7). Practical application of UV-light is the study of the galaxy where scientists use Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope to investigate the differences between newly formed and older stars. Due to differing wavelengths, it is observed that the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope results show that optical and ultraviolet wavelengths affect how bright a star shines (Gam Products Inc.

Strategies for Addressing Individual Needs Essay

Strategies for Addressing Individual Needs - Essay Example His lack of eye contact, his difficulty in social interaction and his lack of response to his name are all symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorders (Anderson, 2007, p. 16). I would recommend to his parents that he be screened for this disorder as a precaution. If autism is found, there can be early intervention work and behavioral interventions that can be specific to autism. The New York State (NYS) Department of Health, Early Intervention Program, suggests that there are several early screening assessments that can be used. The Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) is a short test that can be administered to detect autism in toddlers. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) combines information from parents and from a professional to see whether there is a possibility for autism. These two screening tests would be used in addition to the observation that was made in the classroom. Another area of concern that I see would be Roberts hearing. He also exhibits many symptoms of a child who either is not hearing or who does not hear well. My question would be whether Robert has ever made noises from his earlier years. As an example, many children will babble and coo when they are babies. Sometimes deaf babies do not. According to Kibby and Perlstein (2010) a child who does not have normal hearing may not be able to develop normal speech and language. Speech delay, a diagnosis of autism, frequent ear infections and low birth rate are some of the risk factors for hearing loss. I would refer Roberts parents to an audiologist to test his hearing. The case study does not state whether Robert is listening to other sounds or not so we can only go on the fact that he does not answer to his name when it is called. One assessment that Kibby and Perlstein suggest for a child of Roberts age would be play audiometry. This test pairs sounds with a specific task or response. The y give an example where a

Naccobus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Naccobus - Essay Example The sources will be picked from the list that has been used in the provided study. Each source will be analyzed separately and the reason why it was important to use it will also be given and how it helped in making the paper complete. Sher is this is one of the most important sources that have been used in this study. This source has been used throughout the study to provide concrete information on Nacobbus. Sher gives the required information about the Genus Nacobbus (222-227). According to this source the genus contains only two valid species which are indicated to be the Nacobbus dorsalis and N. aberrans. This source goes ahead to state where these two species are normally found. It indicates that N. aberrans is normally an important parasite of various vegetables like beans, chili, tomatoes and pepper. Further into the study, Sher has been extensively used to give information on variability that has been seen in Nacobbus (222-227). The source has been used to give information on morphological characteristic of N. aberrans. It reveals the various ranges of morphometrics of N. aberrans from various geographical locations in the world, thereby helping in understanding the various characteristics of the organism being studied. The reason why Sher is considered one of the important sources that has been used is the amount of information that has been obtained from this source on the characteristics and morphology of N. aberrans. The second source that has been considered among the 10 most important sources in this study is Thorne (1949). Thorne is talking about the new classification of the Tylenchida. It is one the proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. This source has been used to give information on various discoveries that were made on Nacobbus in different regions of the world. The source has been used to give information on taxonomy of Nacobbus (Thorne 57).

Symbolism in the Short Story Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Symbolism in the Short Story - Research Paper Example That is the main theme of the short story, talking versus communicating. Both parties eventually became frustrated with the direction their conversation is heading, which then leads both of them to put more walls between them, thus aggravating the situation. For example, the girl looked at the hills and mentioned they are lovely, but the man replied pertaining to getting another drink. Then the American said â€Å"The beer’s nice and cool,† to which the girl replied â€Å"It’s lovely.† (Clugston, 2010, p. 112). They were obviously talking about two separate things. This then leads the readers to the symbolism used in the story. The American wants to say anything to convince the girl to go through an abortion, a fact that is not directly mentioned in the story. This is linked to the story’s title Hills Like White Elephants. Hills is usually a symbolism of wanting to escape, while white elephants usually symbolizes something that an individual does not want; in this story, it is the unborn child. Afterwards, the girl takes back her statement and mentions that the hills do not really look like white elephants at all (Clugston, 2010, p. 112). It is a subtle hint that she might want to keep the baby despite the American’s encouragement to abort

Thompson v. Oklahoma Essay Example for Free

Thompson v. Oklahoma Essay The case Thompson v. Oklahoma took place in 1988. William Thompson (15 year-old boy) killed his brother-in-law, who had been abusing his sister. The murder was not committed in state of temporary insanity, so the court considered it as first-degree murder and sentenced William Thompson to death. As far as the 8th and 14th Amendments ban death sentence for a person, who is under 16 years old at the moment of committing crime, the Court considered execution of 15-year old boy as cruel and unusual. The case was reversed and remanded and the Supreme Court granted William Thompson certiorari. The crime was committed by four persons. William Thompson took part in murder. The killed had a lot of bruises, his leg was broken; his chest, abdomen and throat had been cut, and he had been shot two times. Then after they fettered him to a concrete block and threw him to the river. All four people, who took part in crime, were sentenced to death. As far as Thompson was under 16 at the moment of committing crime, he couldn’t be executed because of prohibition. The justices thoroughly examined circumstances of crime, and concluded that the child was quite aware of consequences at the moment of committing crime and as far as he had mental capacity to realize all the consequences of crime. They stated that there was no chance to rehabilitate William Thompson with help of juvenile system and that he should be treated as adult. At the first stage of trial, the prosecutor presented three photographs, showing the dead body after it was taken out from the river. The photos were introduced to convince guilt of William Thompson. Later the prosecutor asked to find two circumstances, which prove that crime was cruel and heinous. The Court complied with request. In such a way the Court of Criminal Appeals gave its approval to the fact of death sentence. They stated that as far as a person, who was under 16 years old at the moment of committing crime, is certified as an adult for trial procedures, he can be also punished as adult. At the same time, as far as the Supreme Court granted William Thompson certiorari, they had to consider, whether a death sentence was â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† for a minor and violates his constitutional rights. First of all, there should be a certain degree of culpability, which allows accepting death sentence for a minor. The problem was that authors of the 8th Amendment introduced prohibition against â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments†, although they didn’t give any specifications for that. Judges, who were responsible for trial, should examine, whether the punishment could be considered as violating the â€Å"evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society† Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958) (plurality opinion) (Warren, C. J.). Justice Powell compared rights of adults and children, and came to conclusion, that there are certain differences between them. For example, children are not eligible to vote, to purchase alcohol and cigarettes, to mention a few. Justice Powell stated that according to laws of Oklahoma, a person under 16 years old can be treated as a child only. Taking into considerations all prohibitions and limitations in rights for minors (as well as driving with parental consent, marrying with parental consent only, etc), the child cannot be treated as adult during the trial and to be fully responsible for his actions before attaining his maturity. Further the Supreme Court examined minimum age for death penalty. For example, there are 14 States in America, which don’t recognize death penalty at all; from the other side, there are 19 States, which authorize to impose death penalty, but don’t state minimum age of a person (this is an obstacle to find consensus). Although, the judges accepted supposition, that in those States, where death penalty is accepted, minimum age of criminal should be at least 16 years. The American Law Institute and the American Bar Association also are against the death sentence for minors. Judges also presented the fact, that there are plenty of countries, where death penalty is prohibited at all (such countries as Germany, United Kingdom, Russia, Spain, New Zealand, the Netherlands, etc) Further, the Supreme Court examined quantity of people, sentenced to death during the XX century, and came to conclusion that majority of cases were held in the first half of century. The average age of young people, committed crimes and sentenced to death, was approximately 18-20 years old. There were only five minors (under 16 years old), sentenced to death for participation in cruel murders. The Court also considered age as a mitigating circumstance, stating that young people at the age under 16 are not able to control their behavior to that extent, the adults can. Young people are more impulsive and cannot think in long-rank terms, as the adults can, so they shouldn’t be treated as adults during trials. So, taking into consideration all afore said, the Court Criminal Judgment’s decision was vacated and the case Thompson v. Oklahoma was remanded, getting instructions to prohibit death sentence for a youth under 16 years old.

Suitable Network To Implement In Gaming Centre Computer Science Essay

Suitable Network To Implement In Gaming Centre Computer Science Essay In this documentation, is going to propose a suitable network to implement in gaming centre. In order to select the right network, it is necessary to have understanding and knowledge on various types of network, to know the efficiency and reliability of the network, various types of game and requirement, network topology and architecture, ISP package selection, network component. Follow by types of game that going to provide to the customer, by providing several example of games requirement for making decision on different types of hardware and software to use in gaming centre. The game requirement is an important role that allows gaming centre to choose the suitable hardware for the computer in the gaming centre in order to achieve customer satisfaction. In order to allow customer to play online and LAN games with lowest connection latency, the selection of network topology and architecture is important. Due to the gaming centre is going to implement 30 gaming computer for the customer, the right topology and architecture allow customer to play online and LAN game smoothly. To play an online game with smooth connection, it is required to have good bandwidth of connection speed. Therefore, choosing the suitable package among other Internet Service Provider will be based on the connection speed. To build a complete and working network for the gaming centre, the major component of network cannot be missed out, which is computer, software, network interface device, and transmission media. Each of the components has different responsibility in order for a network to be complete. With the help of research on Internet, the model of device and type of application is recommended base on the specification of the hardware and software. However, these hardware and software may request to change by gaming centre after or before the implementation based on their justification. Assumption Below is some of the assumption of the gaming centre and network that going to implement:- The gaming centre will be providing high-end game to customer. Customers allow playing offline, online, and LAN games in the gaming centre. The gaming centre is capable of hosting tournament for different types of online and LAN games. The computer specification is sufficient enough for most of the high-end game. The connection bandwidth is capable to handle up to 35 computers in the gaming centre. The network topology, architecture and device recommended able to achieve the terms of scalability and flexibility for the gaming centre to expanding the business in future. Limitation There is some of limitation of the network that may require specialist or admin with relevant knowledge to solve the problem. These limitations may require paying extra attention by admin in order to minimize the lost that cause by it. The particular networks fail if the centralized device is encountering a problem. This may affect all computers that connected to the device. The network congestion problem occur when huge numbers of users trying to access the server to obtain the resource from the server. When the server is down or damage, it unable to handle and provide result of request by the customer such as starting a game. 1.0 Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Wendell Odom (2004, pg.5) states that Network, a combination of hardware, software, and cabling, which together allow multiple computing devices to communicate with each other. In general, network basically means that numbers of computer being attached together in order to communicate and sharing information using cable. However, without proper configuration and supported software, communication and sharing information activities cant perform accordingly. Picture below shows the example of a network. Figure 1.1 Computer Network (http://www.home-network-help.com/wireless-router-as-access-point.html, n.d.) In order to create a successful network, it should consist of several parts, which is computer, software, network interface device, and transmission medium. Without any of the important part mention above, it will not call as a network. Computer is electronic devices that allow users to perform certain task easily compare to perform manually. Software is an application that helps computer to perform most of the task. Network interface device is referring to the device that uses to connect the computer with the internet, example modem, switch, router, and hub. Transmission medium is cable that connects the network interface device with the computer, as well as connects to the internet. People nowadays know that advantage of network is to share resources and information in shortest time and different geographical location. It helps to evaluate the travel time from one location to another location. Moreover, network also helps increased cost efficiency, this is refer to most of the software are published are costly and required certain amount of time to install. With the help of network, they can stored or install the software on a server so that it can be used by different workstation. In the gaming centre, it allow customer to access to the game play online or LAN games with players within or outside the gaming centre. 1.2 Type of Network 1.2.1 Wide Area Network (WAN) The gaming centre will be implementing the Wide Area Network, which is a combination of multiple Local Area Networks to allow customer to play online game as well as LAN game at the same time. Example of the WAN is Internet. It combines all the LAN that connected to the internet which allows users to communicate and sharing resource within the LAN or other LAN that connected to the Internet. Figure 1.2 WAN (http://wally.cs.iupui.edu/n241_06/files/webMag/index.html, n.d) The reason of having WAN for the gaming centre is due to the wide coverage of the network. The only resource needed for the gaming centre to implement is LAN that can access to the Internet, then it is automatically becomes part of the WAN. 2.0 Chapter 2 2.1 Computer Game Mark Stanfield and Thomas Connolly (2008, pg.25) states that The definition of computer games combines the more comprehensive concept of game with the use of computer. The game concept represents a structured or semi-structured activity with goal that players try to achieve and set of rules governing its operation. Base on the definition, game is referring to a well planned structure that consists of objective for anyone that plays it. However, player is required to understand and obey the rules and regulation of the specific in order to achieve the objective and gain achievement. Meanwhile, computer game is mean by the game can only be played using electronic devices which is computer. That the beginning of computer games, there is only offline game available and it required lesser disk space compare to computer games nowadays. Until today, there is plenty type of computer game on the market, such as online games, offline games, LAN games which is local area network games, and every type of computer games had been classified into different categories, for example RPG, FPS, RTS and many more. Offline games is referring to any games that can play by single player and unable to connect through the network and play with other players that playing the same game. An online game is referring to any type of game that can play using Internet and play or compete against other player. Lastly, LAN games is referring to any types of game that can played with other players within the certain area whereby users computer is connected to a same network. However, there are many games that can allow single player as well as multiplayer. Every game had its own requirement in order for player to play the games without any foreseen problem, the requirement divided into different categories, such as type operating system, processor, and type of graphic card, numbers GB of RAM, hard disk space, and also DirectX version. However, there is minimum requirement and recommended requirement which allow player to know that the specific game is suitable to play on their computer or not. Minimum requirement is to allow users to run and play the game in a normal performance and loading speed. As for recommended requirement, users able to run and play the game smoother in terms of performance and higher loading speed. As a LAN gaming centre, it is necessary to have various type of games provided to customer according to their favourite, and to satisfied the customer, there is certain level of knowing the games requirement and specification so that the centre able to choose the right hardware and software for the computer in the centre. By taking some example of the games requirement, it should be able to help in choosing the proper gadget for the computer. 2.2 Types of Game The game chosen to review the game requirement and use it as a reference for selecting the suitable hardware and software for the computer, Starcraft II, Warcraft 3, Counter-Strike: Source, Sudden Attack SEA, and Devil May Cry 4. The example of game chosen included online games, offline games, and LAN games. Online game example for this documentation is Sudden Attack SEA, which is first person shooting game and can only be played while connected with internet. Offline game is Devil May Cry 4 which is role playing game only for single player. Lastly LAN game, the example of game chosen is Starcraft 2 and Warcraft 3, a real time strategy game, and Counter-Strike: Source is a first person shooting game. These three games can be played with other player while connected to the network. However, it can be consider as offline, online game as well, due to these game are able to play with single player or connected to internet and play with or compete against other player. 2.3 Games Requirement Figure 2.1 Sudden attack SEA (online) (http://www.gx.com.sg/Blog/Blog.aspx?id=7ab57b16-fa13-4f2a-a937-0fb14368fec3, n.d) System Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirement CPU Intel Pentium 4 1.8GHz or above AMD Athlon XP2100 or above Intel Core 2 Duo or above AMD Athlon 64 X2 or above Memory 1GB or above 2GB or above (Win Vista/7) 2GB or above 4GB or above (Win Vista/7) Video Card 128MB or above 256MB or above Microsoft DirectX 9.0c compatible Graphic Card Operating System Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7 DirectX Microsoft DirectX 9.0c or above Hard Disk Space 3GB free space after game installation Table 2.1 Sudden Attack requirement (http://suddenattack.asiasoftsea.net/04-download/04-download_01_01.aspx, n.d) Figure 2.2 Devil May Cry 4 (offline) (http://cineclubecovilha.com/torrent/torrent/Devil-May-Cry-4-DVDDL-Full-PC-Gamedaa/2905/0.html, n.d) System Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirement CPU Intel Pentium 4 processor or better Intel Core 2 Duo processor or better Memory 512MB 1GB Video Card NVIDIA GeForce 6600 series or better NVIDIA GeForce 8600 series or better Operating System Windows XP service pack 2 Window Vista Hard Disk Space 8GB Drive DVD-ROM Drive Table 2.2 Devil May Cry 4 requirement (http://devilmaycry.org/243/devil-may-cry-4-pc-system-requirements.html, n.d) Figure 2.3 Starcraft II (LAN/Online/Offline) (http://www.keys4.me/starcraft-2-ii-wings-of-liberty-eu-cd-key-pc.html, n.d) For Windows OS System Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirement Operating System Window XP/Vista/7 (latest service pack) Window Vista/7 CPU 2.6GHz Pentium IV or equivalent AMD Athlon processor Dual Core 2.4GHz processor Graphic Card 128MB PCIe NVIDIA GeForce 6600 GT or ATI Radeon 9800 PRO or better 512MB NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX or ATI Radeon HD 3870 or better RAM 1GB (1.5GB for Window Vista/7) 2GB Hard Disk Space 12GB Others (hardware) Keyboard/mouse, Internet Connection Resolution Minimum 1024720 display resolution DirectX DirectX 9.0c Table 2.3 Starcraft II: Wings of Liberty requirement (for Windows) (http://us.blizzard.com/support/article.xml?articleId=26242locale=en_US, n.d) For Mac System Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirement Operating System Mac OS X 10.5.8, 10.6.2 or newer Mac OS X 10.6.5 or newer CPU Intel Processor Intel Core 2 Duo processor Graphic Card NVIDIA GeForce 8600 GT or ATI Radeon X1600 or better NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GT or ATI Radeon HD 4670 or better RAM 2GB 4GB Hard Disk Space 12GB Others (hardware) Keyboard/mouse, Internet Connection Resolution Minimum 1024720 display resolution Table 2.4 Starcraft II: Wings of Liberty requirement (for Mac) (http://us.blizzard.com/support/article.xml?articleId=26242locale=en_US, n.d) Figure 2.4 Counter-Strike: Source (LAN/Online/Offline) (http://www.moddb.com/games/counter-strike-source, n.d) For Windows System Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirement CPU 1.7GHz processor Pentium 4 processor (3.0GHz or better) RAM 512MB 1GB Graphic Card DirectX 8.1 level graphic card (Requires support for SSE) DirectX 9 level graphic card Operating System Windows 7 (32/64-bit) / Vista / XP DirectX DirectX 8.1 or above DirectX 9 or above Table 2.5 Counter-Strike: Source requirement (for Windows) (http://store.steampowered.com/app/240, n.d) For Mac System Minimum Requirement Operating System OS X version Leopard 10.5.8 Snow Leopard 10.6.3 RAM 1GB Graphic Card NVIDIA GeForce 8 or higher ATI X1600 or higher Intel HD 3000 Others (hardware) Mouse, Keyboard, Internet Connection Table 2.6 Counter-Strike: Source requirement (for Mac) (http://store.steampowered.com/app/240, n.d) Based on the example of game requirement shown above, it clearly shows that different game have its own minimum and recommended requirement in order to play the game smoothly. Games requirement are usually based on previous version of graphic card or processor that already in the market to allow more player to play the games with their current computer. It also shows that different year of published the game may affected the requirement directly. With the example given for different games requirement, it helps the gaming centre to choose the right hardware for the gaming computer. 3.0 Chapter 3 3.1 Topology The topology choose to implement in the gaming centre is star topology. Star topology is one of the most common topology that used in current days. In star topology, every device is connected to a centralized device such as switch, router, or hub via Ethernet cable. This topology arrangement creates a point-to-point network connection between two devices and overall gives the appearance of a star. The reason of implementing the star topology in the gaming centre is the level of flexibility and expandability is high. Multiple star can combine as a hierarchical star and connectivity of the network on one particular computer will not affected other computer that connected to the same network unless the whole centralized device or main cable connected with the modem or router is damaged. Figure 3.1 Star Topology (http://tjliu.myweb.hinet.net/COA_CH_12.htm, n.d) 3.2 Architecture The architecture that suggested implementing in the gaming centre would be client-server architecture. Client-server architecture is referring multiple user computer connect and interact with one or multiple server that connected within same network. This architecture allows multiple users to submit request at the same time, and the server able to react to the request and provide result to user requested accordingly. Server are usually powerful machine due to the workload is heavy and need to be complete within short period of time. The reason of implementing client-server architecture to the gaming centre is due to the resource will be kept in the server that connected to the same network with the users computer. If the gaming centre decides to expand and add more computers to the network, it would be very easy to configure and it wont affect other clients connection with the server. Figure 3.2 Client-server (http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html, n.d) 3.3 Internet Service Provider ISP is the companies that provide Internet service to the people by subscribe various packages that give various amount of Mbps and services to the customer. Some ISP also provides modem/router for subscribing their package. The ISP that suggested is TM. Currently TM is promoting high speed broadband called Unifi, these package allow customer to enjoy the speed from minimum 5Mbps up to 20Mbps. For the gaming centre, the BIZ 10 package is sufficient enough for gaming. Below shows some of the key features of the BIZ 10 package:- Download and upload up to 10Mbps 1 fixed IP Unlimited usage 2 online guard plus 2 ishield plus 3.4 Component of Network In earlier part of documentation, it states that a complete network consists of 4 major components. The components are, computer, software, network interface device, and transmission medium. If lacking either one of the components, a network will not complete. 3.4.1 Computer Computers, a component that responsible on dealing with the user and connection, to setup, configure and maintain the network. Gaming centres main objective is to provide good service in terms of game playing satisfaction for customer to gain profit. In customer view, they usually hope to play game without any connection latency problem, or display lagging problem during the game. And also external hardware such as keyboard, mouse, and headphone also must be in good quality to satisfy the customer. In order to achieve the objective, choosing the right hardware for the computer would be important. Due to the computer hardware is updating model and performance frequently, there is impossible for a gaming centre to get a set of latest hardware for computer in the gaming centre, because it is costly. In this case, the computer that installed in the gaming centre would be a customize computer, which means the CPU itself is installed based on buyers need. Therefore, the computer specificat ion for the gaming centre is shown on table below. System Component Device model Operating system Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit CPU Intel Core i5 650 @ 3.20GHz RAM 4GB Graphic Card ATI Radeon HD 5670 DirectX DirectX 11 Table 3.1 Computer Specification In order for gaming centre to keep the important data and information such as finance report or employees profile. It is highly recommended to implement server in the gaming centre. Server also allows gaming centre to store the games that going to play by the customer. Customer able to play any games that already installed in the server of the gaming centre, by choosing and click on the games shortcut inside the computer, customer are able to play the game freely. The model of server recommended to implement in gaming centre is Dell PowerEdge R515 2U Rack Server. It is suitable for storing database, application, email and others file. This model of server consists up to 25TB of internal storage space. And is easy to manage with the help of dell management console, and interactive LCD screen and other features to allow administrator to monitor and maintain the server frequently. Figure 3.3 Dell PowerEdge R515 2U Rack Server Processors AMD OpteronTM   4100 series processors Memory Up to 128GB1  (8 DIMM slots) 1GB/ 2GB/ 4GB/ 8GB   Up to 1333MHz Operating System Microsoft ®Ã‚   Windows ®Ã‚   Small Business Server 2011 Microsoft ®Ã‚   Windows ®Ã‚   Small Business Server 2008 Microsoft ®Ã‚   Windows Server ®Ã‚   2008 SP2, x86/x64 (x64 includes Hyper-VTM   ) Microsoft ®Ã‚   Windows Server ®Ã‚   2008 SP2 R2, x64 (includes Hyper-VTM   v2) Microsoft ®Ã‚   Windows ®Ã‚   HPC Server 2008 Novell ®Ã‚   SUSE ®Ã‚   Linux ®Ã‚   Enterprise Server Red Hat ®Ã‚   Enterprise Linux ®Ã‚   Virtualization Options: Citrix ®Ã‚   XenServerTM   VMware ®Ã‚   vSphereTM   4.1 (including VMware ESX ®Ã‚   4.1 or VMware ESXiTM   4.1) Storage Option Hot-plug Hard Drive Options: 2.5 SAS SSD, SATA SSD, SAS (10K) 3.5 SAS (15K), nearline SAS (7.2K), SATA (7.2K) Maximum Internal Storage: Up to 8TB1-24.6TB1  (depending on chassis) Embedded Network Controller One Dual-Port Broadcom 5716 Gigabit NIC (total of two 1x GB ports) Drive Bays Hot-Swap options available:   Up to eight or twelve 3.5 SAS or SATA, or 2.5 SAS or SSD drives Slots 3 PCIe G2 slot + 1 storage slot: One x8 slot Two x4 slots One x4 Storage slot Power Redundant 750W hot-plug power supplies Availability Hot-plug hard drives, Hot-plug redundant power, ECC memory, and Quad-pack LED diagnostic (12HDD chassis) or interactive LCD (8HDD chassis) Graphic Maxtrox G200eW w/8MB Chassis 8 HDD Chassis 3.40 H x 17.19 W x 24.09 D (in) 86.4 H x 436.6 W x 610.2 D (mm) 12 HDD Chassis 3.42 H x 17.53 W x 26.17 D (in) 86.7 H x 445.2 W x 664.6 D (mm) Management DellTM   OpenManageTM   BMC, IPMI 2.0 compliant Lifecycle Controller enabled via optional: iDRAC6 Express, or iDRAC6 Enterprise and vFlash Unified Server Configurator Table 3.2 Server Specification (http://www.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/servers/poweredge-r515/pd.aspx?refid=poweredge-r515s=bizcs=555, n.d) 3.4.2 Software The software that recommended implementing into the gaming centre is Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit installed in every computer inside the gaming centre due to user friendly. For the server, it is recommended to install Windows small business server 2008. This particular operating system support internet connectivity, internal Web sites, remote access, file and printer sharing, backup and restore to secure all the resource that installed in the server. For securing the computer in the gaming centre from virus attack and hacking, the antivirus also required to install. The KasperSky anti-virus 2011 is the latest and suitable to protect the computer in gaming centre. In order to maintain and configure the network easily, the Cisco routers are integrated with Cisco IOS which is an all-in-one network operating system that allow user maintain the network using Cisco IOS Command Line Interface (CLI). With the help of Cisco IOS, administrators can configure, monitor and troubleshoot the system easily. Last but not least, all the games software or client need to installed into the server to allow customer to access. The reason of installing all games client is to save time on install and maintain. When a games encounter a problem, admin can solve it on the server side compare to install in each pc, admin have to solve the same problem over and over again when problem encounter. 3.3.3 Transmission Media The transmission media used for the gaming centre is Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and wireless. UTP is the most commonly used media for connecting from device to device in various type of network. It consists of eight individual copper wires and each of the wires are covered by an insulating material and twisted around each other. Upon searching for information regarding UTP (CICSO, 2004) has shown various category of UTP cable. Category 1 Used for telephone communications. Not suitable for transmitting data. Category 2 Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). Category 3 Used in 10BASE-T networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 10 Mbps. Category 4 Used in Token Ring networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps. Category 5 Can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Category 5e Used in networks running at speeds up to 1000 Mbps (1 gigabit per second [Gbps]). Category 6 Typically, Category 6 cable consists of four pairs of 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) copper wires. Currently the fastest standard for UTP. The reason of having UTP to be implement in the gaming centre is due to the cost for the cable is cheap compare to other type of cables and is easier to install as well. It also can support multiple signals travelling through the same cable. Figure 3.3 Unshielded Twisted Pair cable (http://www.tech-faq.com/utp.html, n.d) 3.4.4 Network Interface Device For network interface device, is the component that act as the middle man in terms of business, it is connected with the users computer, and also Internet to handle data transferring, such as modem, router, switch, hub, and bridges. The device that implement in the gaming centre is modem, router, and switches. Each three device have different usage, modem, allow users to gain access to the internet which usually provided by the Internet Service Provider company upon subscribe the package. Router, to allow more than two users to connected and access to the internet, it also allow users to form a LAN. Switches, allow multiple users to communicate and sharing resource within the network. The router that recommended implementing in the gaming centre is Cisco 2951 Series Integrated Router. This model of routers has the feature shown below:- 3 integrated 10/100/1000 Ethernet ports with 1 port capable of RJ-45 or SFP connectivity 2 service module slots 4 Enhanced High-Speed WAN Interface Card slots 3 onboard digital signal processor (DSP) slots 1 internal service module slot for application services Fully integrated power distribution to modules supporting 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) and Cisco Enhanced PoE Security Onboard hardware acceleration for VPN encryption Secure collaborative communications with Group Encrypted Transport VPN, Dynamic Multipoint VPN, or Enhanced Easy VPN Integrated threat control using Cisco IOS Firewall, Cisco IOS Zone-Based Firewall, Cisco IOS IPS, and Cisco IOS Content Filtering Identity management using authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA), and public key infrastructure Voice High-density packet voice DSP module, optimized for voice and video support Standards-certified VoiceXML browser services Cisco Unified Border Element capabilities Cisco Unity Express voicemail support. Support for Cisco Communications Manager Express and Survivable Remote Site Telephony Figure 3.4 Cisco 2951 Series Integrated Router (http://www.datavox.net/ProductsServices/cisco-2951-router.htm, n,d) For switches, one of the most famous and reliable brand is Cisco. Therefore, the model choose to implement in gaming centre will be ESW-520-48P-K9. This particular model of switch contains 48 ports which mean that it capable to handle 48 devices at a time and it have 4 expansion ports: 2 10/100/1000BAST-T and 2 SFP slot. Figure 3.5 ESW-520-48P-K9 (http://www.telephonyware.com/telephonyware/products/cisco-esw-520-48p-k9.html, n.d) 4.0 Floor Plan Figure 4.1 Floor Plan 5.0 Network Diagram 6.0 Appendix 6.1 Practical 1 Task A List the different types of Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables commonly found and state the common uses for each. (12 marks) Category 1 Used for telephone communications. Not suitable for transmitting data. Category 2 Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). Category 3 Used in 10BASE-T networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 10 Mbps. Category 4 Used in Token Ring networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps. Category 5 Can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Category 5e Used in networks running at speeds up to 1000 Mbps (1 gigabit per second [Gbps]). Category 6 Category 6 cable consists of four pairs of 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) copper wires. Currently the fastest standard for UTP. Task B Identify the components and tools necessary to wire Ethernet cables using the chosen UTP cable. (4 marks) RJ-45 connecter Crimping tool (AMP modular plug hand tool) Cable tester UTP cable Task C For each of the component and tool identified in part (b), describe and illustrate using diagrams where applicable the purpose of each and differentiate the various categories or classifications should they exist. (20 marks) UTP cable Figure 6.1 UTP cable (http://www.tech-faq.com/utp.html, n.d) -Common type of cable that used to connect between computer and network device in most of the network nowadays. RJ-45 connecter Figure 6.2 RJ-45 connecter (http://www.or.com.my/products/cable/accessories/, n.d) -To connect between RJ-45 interface network device and computer. Crimping tool (AMP modular plug hand tool) Figure 6.3 AMP modular plug hand tool (http://www.laikeet.com/catalog/product_reviews_new-amp-tyco-2-231652-0-modular-plug-hand-tool-crimper.html, n.d) -A multipurpose tool that can use for stripping the wires jacket and cut the wires into specific length and crimping RJ-45 connecter to sealed the wires of UTP in correct place within the jack Cable tester Figure 6.4 Cable tester (http://networkcable-tester.com/2011/01/14/cable-tester-2/, n.d) To perform a test on the cable when successfully crimped. Task D Using separate diagrams, illustrate the different two wire color-code standards for implementing of UTP Ethernet cables. (16 marks) Figure 6.5 color-code standard (http://www.controlcable.com/custom.asp?c=61084321, n.d) Table 6.2 Wiring Standards (http://www.controlcable.com/custom.asp?c=61084321, n.d) Pin # T568A T568B 1 White/Green White/Orange 2 Green Orange 3 White/Orange White/Green 4 Blue

The Importance of Communication in the Turnaround of SAS Essay

The Importance of Communication in the Turnaround of SAS Definition of communication Communication is the exchange of messages between peoples for the purpose of achieving common meaning. Or it can define as the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people. A fundamental of principles communication is that the symbols the sender uses to communicate messages must have essentially the same meaning in both the sender’s and receiver’s minds. Purpose of communication People communicate with each other in order to get the messages they need, and utilize them for the further use, but what’s business communication different from general communication. It’s not just getting message for uses, but data involving in operating the tasks as well. The purpose of communication can be divided into specific purpose as follow: - To convey information: - To explain the nature and implications for the business: - To establish rules for dealing with different situations: - To stimulate action: - To create relationships between the members of the organization: - To form collective decisions and render them generally acceptable: - To instruct: instruction manual for operating a computer: - To evaluate: performance appraisal records: - To meet human and cultural needs: Communication breakdown You can never assume that the message in your mind will be perfectly transmitted to your receiver. We need to identify different patterns of communications and we need to draw conclusions about the most and the least effective patterns of communication, and report their evaluation to avoid misunderstanding. Communication breakdown happens when the recipient don’t receive the meaning of the message or interpret the message as the different meaning from what sender tries to encode. Communication breakdown can be seen from absences of decoding from the recipient. Factors of communication breakdown: - Physical distraction : it happens when something bother the communication and lead recipient or sender from transferring the information. Example: when someone is talking to you and suddenly your cell phone ring. - Different channel/medium: Sender should choose the appropriate channel/ medium to assure that the information could be reach by the recipient. This involves adjusting the channel/ medium with ... ...!† thus Carlzon reinforces both verbally and nonverbal that he really means what it says in the red book. Furthermore, top management is willing to support the front line. To celebrate the initial turnaround, Carlzon sent every one of the 20,000 employees a gold wristwatch. Since then, major efforts to communicate with employees have helped SAS earn an international reputation for good service. As the success of SAS, I’ve suggested that good communication and associated interpersonal processes in organizations are important ingredients of organizational effectiveness. Although effective communication is critical to all management functions, it is particularly vital to the leading function because it provides a necessary conduit for efforts to interact with and influence others. Carlzon uses communication and interpersonal processes well to nurture SAS unique culture. Thus, effective communication between individuals or within a group is the element that can lead the company go through the crisis and to the brightness. It is also the basis for the company to implement the compatible and harmony environment and enhance its productive force among the industries.

Essay on Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman and Amanda in Glass Menage

The Characters of Willy in Death of a Salesman and Amanda in Glass Menagerie    In "Death of a Salesman", Willy Loman believes the ticket to success is likeability. He tells his sons,   "The man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead." In "The Glass Menagerie", Amanda Wingfield has the same belief. Girls are meant to be attractive and they are meant to be attractive in order to entertain gentlemen callers. As she tells Laura, "All pretty girls are a trap, a pretty trap, and men expect them to be" (1048). It is this very belief that both Amanda and Willy try to ingrain in their children and it is this emphasis on likeability that makes the characters of Amanda Wingfield and Willy Loman so unlikable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major part of the reader's animosity towards Willy stems from his responsibility for the ruin of his sons. Willy's affair ends up being the reason that Biff ends up a high-school failure and a football has-been. This blunder both disheartens and destroys his eldest son. It becomes the reason Biff refuses to go to summer school; it becomes the reason that Biff leaves home. Yet, this is all a result of Willy's need to be likeable. He cheats on his doting wife simply because it makes him feel special, because it gives him proof that women other that Linda are interested in him, because it makes him feel well liked. A woman "picked [him]"; a woman laughs when he makes jokes about keeping pores open; a woman pays him some attention (38). In fact, it is Willy's emphasis on likeability that leads Biff to brush aside his education in the first place. Bernard, the friend next-door who begs Biff to study for the Reagents, is described by Willy as a... ...something she discovered was useless. They both put emphasis on something that had brought them nothing but pain and suffering and it is this entrapment that makes Amanda and Willy most unlikable. Rather than learning from their mistakes and teaching their children to avoid making the same ones, Amanda and Willy lead their children down the same path to failure, a path that Amanda found to have a dead end, a path to which Willy found no end at all. Works Cited: Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Seventh Edition. X.J. Kennedy, and Dana Gioia. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999. 1636-1707. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. In Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, 4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995. 1519-1568.

Free Tempest Essays: The Comic Sub-plot :: Shakespeare The Tempest

The Importance of the Comic Sub-plot in The Tempest   The comic sub-plot has various uses for the play. It brings light relief&ndash without it, it would be a very dramatic play, if not boring. As because Prospero controls the whole island we know that nothing can really happen that he doesn&rsquot want to, so the play is lacking tension and the comic sub-plot prevents it from being a very boring play. Drunkness is amusing anyway, they fall about and say stupid things which is entertaining for us, plus this is Caliban's first drink and we recognise the feelings he expresses for this&lsquo celestial liquor&rsquo and makes it all the more funny. That Caliban sees these two fools as kings also makes it amusing&ndash&lsquo I prithee, be my God&rsquo as Trinculo says&lsquo A most ridiculous monster, to make a wonder of a poor drunkard!&rsquo. When he sees what they are later he is disgusted with himself&ndash&lsquo What a thrice-double ass Was I, to take this drunkard for a god, And worship this dull fool!&rsquo   As well as providing humour, this trust of Caliban&rsquos echoes his former trust for Prospero. He hasn&rsquot learned from when Prospero turned on him, his naà ¯vety shows through his trust and adoration of the wine. Through the&lsquo aside&rsquo comments of Trinculo and Stephano we know they are using and teasing him. Its in this situation we feel almost sorry for Caliban, this&lsquo abhorred slave&rsquo, this&lsquo demi-devil&rsquo is still very trusting and doesn&rsquot he have reason to hate Prospero? He is an animal, with animal instincts and cannot be trained otherwise. Though Prospero is understandably angry that he tried&lsquo to violate the honour&rsquo of Miranda, but he is overly harsh with him. The sub-plot shows us how Caliban is trusting yet again, and we can see how affectionate he would have been to Prospero when he first arrived on the island, and how understandably bitter he would be when his master turned on him.   This is an echo of the theme of usurpation, Prospero usurped from his dukedom, Caliban usurped from his island&ndash Prospero tries to get his dukedom back and Caliban tries to get his island back at the first opportunity. It would seem at the end that justice has prevailed, forgiveness over vengeance, good over evil, but really just Prospero has prevailed, he successfully usurped and successfully got un-usurped. Caliban is shown as the most naà ¯ve of the three, but he is the cleverest. He knows Prospero&rsquos power is in his books, he knows that the robes Stephano and Trinculo are duped by are&lsquo but trash&rsquo and above all he speaks some of the most beautiful poetry of the play.

Consumer Buying Behavior Essay

Toilet soaps are part of the growing tribe of cleansing and beautifying products available across the country. There are scores of brands and an even greater number of variants making for a bewildering range. The Indian market has over 1100 million people living in more than 4500 towns and cities and in excess of 580,000 villages. Products must cut through several price points and fragrances to satisfy everyone. Toilet soaps are marketed through 5 million retail stores of which 3.75 million are in rural areas, the penetration rate of the toilet soap is around 97 percent in urban areas and 89 percent in rural areas. But, the per capita consumption of toilet / bathing soap in India is very low at 800g whereas it is 6.5kg in the US, 4 kg in China and 2.5 kg in Indonesia. The market size of the Indian soap industry is around Rs.7129 crores. It can be classified into four categories namely premium, popular, economy and carbolic soaps. The â€Å"Premium1 category includes Dove, Mysore Sandal, Pears and some international brands. Brands in the â€Å"Popular’ category include Cinthol, Santoor, Rexona etc. Likewise, Fairglow, Godrej No. 1 etc. come under economy brands. Carbolic brands include Lifebuoy and Nima bath soap. Over the years, the â€Å"popular’ segment has witnessed rapid growth and has been the category driver. Consumers shift from the premium segment as and when they see better value in the popular category. At the same time, consumers upgrade from the economy segment due to increased in tune with the increasing disposable incomes in both urban and rural areas. As a result, the industry has witnessed a fifteen percent growth in premium brands. The market is flooded with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small brands, which have limited markets. Competition amongst the MNCs has intensified, leading to shrinkage of margins. The leading players in this market are HUL (Dove, Pears, Lux, Lifebuoy, Breeze), Nirma (Nima), Godrej Soaps (Cinthol, FairGlow, Shikakai, Nihar), Wipro (Santoor), and Reckitt and Benckiser (Dettol). The rest of the market is highly fragmented, with companies having strong presence in select segments or regions. In the toilet soap industry, positioning of the product is very important to attract the customers. Review of Literature To have an in depth understanding of Indian consumer, and to analyze the factors influencing his purchase decisions, one has to conduct studies in relation to his environment, his demographic factors, culture, and level of exposure. In this backdrop, some important studies conducted in the areas of consumer behavior and perception in relation to non durable goods and FMCG in India are briefly reviewed. It is seen that positive attitude of consumer towards advertising of a particular brand is very useful in purchasing that brand (Dr Dharam Sukh Dahiya, 1996). Consumers perceived that the information received from WOM sources is reliable and advantageous in making the purchase decisions (Prashant Mishra et al, 1996). At the same time, Indian middle class consumers are willing to pay a premium for better quality products rather than getting satisfied with generic products with inferior quality (Srinivas Shirur, 1999). They tend to define themselves as well as compare with others in terms of symbolic value of their possessions (Shekhar Trivedi et al, 2000). People belonging to different lifestyles have different interests in shopping (D.P.S. Verma et al, 2000). There is a price threshold at which consumers make decisions to stockpile the products for the future (Arindam Banarjee et al, 2001). At the same time, gender of the celebrity significantly influences consumer perception about the product irrespective of consumers’ gender (Prashant Mishra et al, 2001). Similarly, they develop risk reduction strategies to help them act with greater confidence in making product purchase decisions (Debashis Bhattacharya et al, 2002). In the FMCG sector, the major influencing factors in making a purchase decision were quality (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003), price and availability of products (Dr. Sarwade W. K. 2002), followed by their economic value and attractive packaging (Kuldeep Singh et al, 2003). Rising family income levels permit buyers to exercise more choice in selection of FMCG from the cost perception (Prof. S. A. Telang et al, 2003). However, age and other demographic variables also have their effect on behavioral and cognitive patterns of the consumer (D. P. S. Verma et al, 2003). Urban consumers preferred branded products (P. Antony George, 2007). Brand awareness and brand usage are highly correlated (Dr. A. Vinayaga Moorthy, 2007). Need and Importance of the Study The toilet soaps market is littered over with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small and local brands. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are not well differentiated by the consumers. This results in fragmented market and obviously leads to a highly competitive market. In toilet soap market, strong brand equity and a wide distribution network are vital in attracting customers. Brand equities are built over a period of time by technological innovations, consistent high quality, aggressive advertisement and marketing. Availability of the products is another crucial success factor, as products are of small value, frequently purchased daily use items. So, there is always a chance of brand switching due to impulse buying. A deep insight of consumer brand loyalty and satisfaction can help marketers retain the existing customers and entice new ones. In this backdrop, this study is undertaken to examine the consumers’ brand awareness, loyalty, and satisfaction towards toilet soaps. The factors influencing brand selection and brand switching are also assessed. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the paper is to examine the consumers’ buying habits and brand loyalty towards toilet soap products. The following are the specific objectives of the study. * To identify the product attributes that influence the purchasing process * To assess the brand loyalty of consumers with respect to various levels of price increase * To examine the brand switching behavior of respondents * To evaluate the satisfaction level of consumers with regard to their present toilet soap brand * To assess the market share of different toilet soap brands in the market segment taken up for investigation * To offer suggestions to FMCG companies Scope and Limitations of the Study The present study intends to examine the customer satisfaction and perception towards toilet soap and the influence of product attributes on brand preferences and brand loyalty. It also covers customers’ brand loyalty at different levels of price increase/decrease from the present price. The study has the following limitations; * The study is made by taking each attribute as independent of other attributes, hence their interdependence, if any is ignored. * As the study is conducted in only Warangal City of A. P., the findings and suggestions of this empirical study may not be representative of the universe. * There may be a chance of individual’s experience dominating the interpretation of the data. * Some discrepancies may have occurred due to random sample method used. * Respondents may not have given their exact views or hidden some information deliberately. Methodology The study is conducted with the help of primary data collected from 200 respondents; consumers drawn at random in Warangal District (A.P.) The relevant data are collected from the respondents from different demographic and income groups. Appropriate statistical tools such as averages, weighted averages etc. are used in data analysis. For testing the hypotheses, Chi- square test is administered at 5 percent level of significance in order to validate the results of the investigation. Sample Profile Sample profile refers to the demographic characteristics of the respondent consumers covered in the analysis. Demographic factors like age, education, occupation, income, family size have a direct influence on the product/ brand choice. To ascertain the views of both male and female consumers, almost equal numbers of respondents are selected for the study. On the basis of age, the respondents are classified into five categories viz. below 20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, and above 50 years. Around 39 percent respondents are in the age group of 21-30 years. Another 27 percent are in the age group of 31-40 years. Around 16 percent are in the age group of 41-50 years, followed by above 50 years (13 percent), and below 20 years (5 percent). It is observed that majority of respondents comprising 73 percent are either graduates or post graduates. The remaining 27 percent have below graduation educational background. It is also observed that private employees comprise 38 percent of sample followed by housewives (25 percent), and government employees (18 percent). The remaining are students, businessmen and professionals. It is found that 43 percent respondents are in the middle income group (Rs. 10,001 to 20,000/pm). At the same time, 31 percent belong to low income group (Below Rs. 10,000/ pm). The remaining 26 percent belong to high income category (above Rs. 20,000/pm). It is seen that around 63 percent respondents have 3-4 members in their families. Around 26 percent have more than 4 three members. Another 11 percent have two or less members. It is observed that 62 percent respondents spend below Rs 100/per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs 100/- per month. This gives occupation wise, income wise, and lifecycle wise distribution of sample consumers of toilet soaps. Data Analysis The behavior of urban respondents towards toilet soaps in terms of influencing factors, buying habits, and brand loyalty is analyzed. For this purpose, a structured questionnaire of five point scale reflecting the attitudes of the sample respondents is used in the investigation. Data collected from the respondents is tabulated, analysed, interpreted and presented in two sections viz. Section A: Buying Habits, Section B: Brand Loyalty. Section–A: Buying Habits Buying habits are analysed in terms of five interrelated variables viz. a. Buying Motives, b. Choice of Retail Store, c. Brand Specification, d. Frequency of Purchase, e. Average Expenditure and consumption. a. Impact of Buying Motives on Purchase Decision Making process Companies advertise their product as a bundle of some attributes. And, customers see the product as a bundle of benefits. They try to assess the benefit of each attribute and assign a level of importance and build perception about the total product. Then, they take the purchase decision. In this backdrop, the study proposes to assess the consumers’ perception on each attribute and importance given to it. In this context, respondents are asked to rank various product attributes in terms of their influence on buying decision. The product attributes such as unique ingredients, impact on skin and complexion, brand name, protection from heat and cold, price, company name, retailer’s advice, advertising, brand ambassador, availability, fragrance, doctor’s advice, TFM of the soap, freshness, protection from pimples etc are identified. The rankings are presented in Table No. 1. It is seen that unique ingredients of a particular soap has been ranked the first major influencing attribute in the purchase process. Impact on skin and complexion and brand name are ranked second and third respectively followed by price and freshness. b. Choice of Retail Store Consumers consider many factors in selecting a particular store to purchase the products. These factors may include availability of a particular brand, availability of information, familiarity and knowledge about the store, proximity of the store, time pressure, store specific promotions, social status etc. By choosing a particular type of store, consumers may get either utilitarian value (obtaining a required product with the least effort) or hedonistic value (the fun and pleasure associated with the buying process). In this context, respondents are asked to name their preferred outlet. Majority of the respondents comprising 40 percent purchased from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets. Another 32 percent bought from wholesale kirana shops. The remaining opted for nearby shops. c. Brand Specification It is observed that Santoor is the most popular brand with 31 percent users, followed by Cinthol with 11 percent users. Approximately 10 percent each are using Mysore Sandal and Pears. Lux is used by 9 percent respondents, while Medimix is used by 7 percent. Dove and Vivel account for 6 percent respondents each. The remaining brands are used by a few respondents. d. Frequency of Purchase Frequency of purchase can be defined as the number of times a consumer purchases during a particular period. It depends on the volume of purchase, economic status, life style, promotion schemes etc. In this study, it is observed that majority of respondents comprising around 45 percent purchase once in a month. Another 33 percent purchase whenever they required the product. Around 15 percent purchased once in a fortnight. The remaining 7 percent purchased weekly once. e. Average Expenditure and Consumption of Toilet Soaps A question was asked with the respondents to know about the average expenditure on toilet soaps and number soaps used in a month. It is observed that 62 percent respondents spend below Rs. 100/- per month on toilet soaps. The remaining 38 percent respondents spend above Rs. 100/- per month. Majority of the respondents have been using around six toilet soaps per month. Section–B: Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is analysed in terms of seven interrelated variables viz., a. Brand Awareness, b. Brand Image, c. Price Sensitivity, d. Non-availability of Preferred Brand, e. Usage Period of Present Brand, f. Reasons for Brand Switching, g. Brand Performance. a. Brand Awareness Brand knowledge is based on brand awareness and brand image. Brand awareness is defined as Consumers’ recognition of existence and availability of a brand. A consumer’s brand awareness generally depends on his socio-economic background especially on education and income level. Creating brand awareness is an important tool in promoting brands with little differentiation such as toilet soaps. It can play a major role in purchasing decisions. The products with highest brand awareness will usually get more sales. In the urban market segment, it is interesting to note that, higher the level of education level, greater is the brand awareness. About 73 percent of respondent consumers are above graduation. Within this 73 percent, around 32 percent are from professional courses. These 73 percent respondents are aware of more than 7 brands. Majority of them could recall the brand ambassador and punch line of the brands also. The remaining 27 percent of the respondent consumers are with below graduation level of education. Out of which, around 8 percent of the respondent consumers are below the tenth class. These 27 percent of respondent consumers are aware of only 3-5 brands. Majority of them, either they could not recall or are indifferent of brand ambassador and punch line. b. Brand Image Brand image is defined as consumer’s perception of a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in his memory. The strength, favorability and uniqueness of associations help build a superior brand image. A favorable brand image is useful in creating strong brand equity. In this regard, a question was asked with respondents to compare their present brand with other competing brands. Majority of the respondents comprising 64 percent felt that their brand as the best one. Around 25 percent said it gives good value for money. The remaining 11 percent felt it as almost similar with other brands. At the same time, most of the respondents perceived their preferred brand as the market leader in its category. c. Price Sensitivity Price of a product has been a major determinant of a buyer’s choice. Although non price factors have assumed importance of late, price still remains a dominant factor influencing sales of a product. Fluctuation of prices will have an impact on continuity of the same brand, i.e. brand loyalty. In this context, it is proposed to analyse the impact of price changes on brand loyalty income wise. The respondents’ reactions to 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent increase in the price of present soap brand are categorized according to their income levels viz. Low Income, Middle Income and High Income. It is seen that at 10 percent price increase, majority of the respondents across all income levels opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. From among the remaining respondents, many decided to reduce consumption. A few respondents wanted to shift to other brands. Similarly, at 20 percent price increase, 35 percent (Low Income), 35 percent (Middle Income), and 67 percent (High Income) respondents opted for continuing with the same level of consumption. Around 34 percent respondents from low income category chose to reduce their consumption. The corresponding figures for middle income and high income groups are 23 percent and 13 percent respectively. Another 13 percent (Low Income), 30 percent (Middle Income), 10 percent (High Income) respondents decided to shift to other brands, while the remaining preferred to search for other alternatives. At the same time, at 40 percent price increase, 10 percent (Low Income), 23 percent (Middle Income), and 54 percent (High Income) respondents chose to continue with the same level of consumption. Another 1 6 percent (Low Income), 7 percent (Middle Income) and 15 percent (High Income) wanted to reduce their consumption. Further, around 55 percent (Low Income), 51 percent (Middle Income), and 19 percent (High Income) respondents desired to change their brands. The remaining respondents wanted to search for other alternatives. Further, based on the same data, Chi-square test is conducted to identify differences, if any, among the respondents belonging to different income groups in terms of price sensitivity and brand loyalty at various levels of increase in the price of present soap brand. Calculated values are presented in Table II. It is observed from the above table that at 10 percent price increase, the calculated value of chi-square is less than the table value. Hence, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences among the respondents belonging to different income groups at 10 percent price increase of the present toilet soap brand. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, respondents belonging to different income groups exhibited altogether different behavior. d. Non-availability of Preferred Brand Store loyalty is regarded as the patronage of customers to a particular outlet.. It is based on the consumers’ positive attitude towards the store. Store loyalty is influenced by the availability of products and brands at the store and the process involved in customers acquiring them. Brand loyalty is also a major factor in shaping the customers opinions towards a particular store. When a preferred brand is not available in a particular store, consumers will have two options; purchasing the same brand in another shop i.e. displaying more brand loyalty than store loyalty, or purchasing another brand in the same shop i.e. exhibiting more store loyalty. In the present study it is seen that 78 percent respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop. The remaining 22 percent purchased other brands available in the same shop. e. Usage Period of Present Brand Brand loyalty also results in using the same brand regularly over a period of time. It is seen that 51 percent respondents have been using the same brand for above 4 years followed by 21 percent for below 1 year. Around 17 percent have been using it for 1-2 years, and the remaining 11 percent for 2-4 years. f. Reasons for Brand Switching Consumers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty can be measured by buyer’s repeat purchase rate over the time. However, sometimes consumers change their regular brands and patronize new brands due to various reasons. In this context, it is proposed to investigate the effect of product attributes, promotion schemes, reference groups’ influence, impact of pricing and advertising on the switching intentions of consumers. For this purpose, respondents are asked to identify the most important reason that for brand switching from earlier brand to present one. It is observed that 54 percent respondents cited better quality of new brand as a major reason for brand switching. Another 13 percent wanted to check the new brand. The relative cheaper price of new brand enticed 10 percent to use the new brand. g. Brand Performance Customer satisfaction is a positive psychological tendency which the customer gets when he is able to meet the perceived need and expectation with the product he experiences. It is a part of customer’s experience. This satisfaction is related to various aspects such as cost, quality, performance and efficiency of the product. Even if the products are identical in competing markets, satisfaction provides high retention rates. Higher the satisfaction level, higher is the sentimental attachment of customers with the specific brand of product. In this backdrop, the study intends to measure the satisfaction level of consumers towards their present soap brands. For this purpose, Respondent consumers are asked to rate the performance of their present brand of toilet soap along some parameters such as price, packaging, durability, color, fragrance, freshness, quality, convenience of usage etc. The responses are classified into three categories namely excellent, above average, and average. It is observed that, respondents are fully satisfied with only premium soaps namely Dove and Pears as they are rated above average or excellent. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Superia came next with majority of users rating them excellent or above average, while the remaining rating them average. The remaining brands are rated just average by the respondents. Findings The following are the findings that have emerged from the study. * While making a brand choice decision, respondents gave more importance to unique ingredients of a soap followed by impact on skin and price. * Majority of the respondents purchased toilet soaps from super bazaars/ organized retail outlets followed by wholesale kirana shops. * Santoor is the most preferred brand used by both men and women which comes in the popular category. Cinthol, Mysore Sandal and Pears are the next preferred brands. * It is concluded that that majority of respondents purchased on monthly basis. Another 33 percent purchased when they required the product. * Many respondents are spending Rs 51- 100/- per month on toilet soaps, while a few are spending more. * More than half of the respondents only knew 5-10 brands of toilet soaps. From the remaining ones, approximately equal number of respondents knew less than five and more than ten brands. The education level of the consumers has a positive bearing on the brand awareness. * Most of the consumers have a very positive image and perception about their present brand. They felt that it is the best one and market leader in its category. * In response to a 10 percent price increase of current soap brand, all the respondents across different income groups behaved similarly. Most of them are willing to continue with same level of consumption. The respondents are not bothered with a marginal increase in the price as long as it satisfies their needs. But, when the price is increased to 20 percent or 40 percent above the current price, substantial differences are seen in the behavior of respondents belonging to different areas income groups. The high income group wanted to continue with same level of consumption. The low and middle income groups chose to either reduce consumption or to change the brand. * It is observed that most of the respondents preferred to purchase the same brand from another shop, when it is not available in a particular store. This shows a strong brand loyalty among the respondents. * Most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time (more than 5 years) which shows a strong brand loyalty among them. * The reasons cited by respondents for brand switching are mainly better quality and cheaper price of new brand and inferior performance of old brand. Surprisingly, very few respondents are attracted by advertisements of new brands. * Respondents are just satisfied with their present soap as majority of them rated it only average or above average. A few rated it excellent. Conclusion Significant differences were observed among different income groups, especially, when the price of the present brand increases substantially. This can be attributed to the different lifestyles adopted by different income groups. Surprisingly respondents gave least importance to advertisements of toilet soaps. Quality and price of new brands motivated them to brand switching. This has to be carefully studied by the marketers. Another area of concern is that many rated their present soaps as just satisfying although they have been using the same brand for a longer period. In this perspective, FMCG companies need to reformulate their strategies to delight the customers. At the same time, as most of the respondents have been using the same brand for a longer period of time, new entrants have to devise suitable plans to attract the customers of existing brands. Deeper penetration in urban areas also holds the key to unlocking growth potentials especially in the Premium Segment. Thus, product innovation, smart merchandising and distribution will be of key importance for FMCG products to become leaders in the industry. 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K., â€Å"Emerging Dimensions of Buyer Behaviour in Rural Area†, Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1-2, pp 13-21, 2002. Kuldeep Singh and Dr. S. C. Varshney, â€Å"Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Trends of Toilet Soaps in Ghaziabad District–A Survey†, Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, pp 14-17, 2003. Prashant Mishra, Upindar Dhar, and Saifuddin Rastiwala, â€Å"Celebrity Endorser and Adolescents: A Study of Gender Influences†, Vikalpa, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp 59-66, 2001. Prashant Mishra, Vasant G. Kondalkar and Ankhit Singh, â€Å"Seeking Word Of Mouth: An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Motivation†, Paradigm, Vol. 3, No 2, pp 49-56, 1996. Prof. S. A. Telang and S. S. Kaptan, â€Å"Attitudes of Women toward Detergents†, Indian Journal of Marketing, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, pp 24-26, 2003. Shekhar Trivedi, Sudershan Pandiya, and Suneel Gupta, â€Å"Product–Its Association with the Personality†, Paradigm, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 40-51, 2000. Srinivas Shirur, â€Å"Marketing Strategies of Family Business in FMCG Sector†, Paradigm, Vol. 3, No 1, pp 32-34, 1999. M. S. Sarma Professor, Department of Commerce and. Business Management, Kakatiya University, Warangal. V. Rana Pratap Lecturer, Department of Business Management, Lal Bahadur College, Warangal.